Relationship between parental reproductive age and the risk of overweight and obesity in offspring / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To explore the role of parental reproductive age on the risk of overweight and obesity in offspring. Methods: The participants were derived from physical examination data of students aged 6-18 years in seven provinces in China, and questionnaire survey was used to collect demographic characteristics and lifestyle information of the students and their parents. A total of 41 567 children with complete data were included. According to the restricted cubic spline curve, maternal reproductive age was divided into three categories, 14-23, 24-28, and 29-38 years, and paternal reproductive age was divided into 14-23, 24-30, and 31-42 years. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between parental reproductive age and parental nutritional status and the risk of overweight and obesity in offspring. Results: The mean age of 41 567 children was (10.6±3.2) years, and the mean paternal and maternal age were (27.9±4.4) years and (25.8±4.0) years, respectively. The detection rate of overweight and obesity was 23.4%. After adjusting factors of children diet and behaviors, the OR(95%CI)of offspring overweight and obesity in groups of fathers aged 24-30 years and mothers aged 24-28 years was 1.11 (1.04-1.18) and 1.16 (1.08-1.24), respectively. When none parents were overweight and obese, the difference of obesity risk was not statistically significant. When both parents were overweight and obese, the OR(95%CI)of offspring overweight and obesity in groups of fathers aged 24-30 years and mothers aged 14-28 years old was 1.27 (1.00-1.62) and 1.33 (1.07-1.65) respectively. Conclusion: Parental reproductive age and parental overweight and obesity status may both increase the risk of overweight and obesity in offspring, with a significant interaction effect.

Predicting Metabolic Syndrome Using Anthropometric Indices among Chinese Adolescents with Different Nutritional Status: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To evaluate the predictive performance of anthropometric indices for metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Chinese adolescents with different nutritional status.@*Methods@#We recruited 9,513 adolescents aged 10-18 years from seven provinces in China during September 2014. Anthropometric indices and blood pressure were measured at recruitment, and blood samples were collected for determining fasting plasma glucose and lipid profile. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to assess the predictive performance of anthropometric indices, including body mass index (BMI) percentile, waist circumference percentile, waist-height ratio, and waist-hip ratio.@*Results@#Overall, the four anthropometric indices showed good accuracy for predicting MetS with areas under ROC curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.86 to 0.94; similar AUCs ranging from 0.73 to 0.99 were observed for participants with normal weight. The performance of all four indices was poor in overweight and obese participants, with AUCs ranging from 0.66 to 0.77 and from 0.60 to 0.67, respectively. Waist circumference showed relatively better performance in all the subgroup analyses.@*Conclusions@#We suggest using anthropometric indices with the cutoff values presented here for predicting MetS in the overall and normal-weight adolescent population, but not in the overweight and obese adolescent population where more specific screening tests are required.

Comparison of acquired immure deficiency syndrome-related knowledge and behavior between persons with and without human immunodeficiency virus- infection among young male students who have sex with men / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To understand the differences between young male students who have sex with men (MSM) with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection in acquired immure deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related knowledge and behavior, and to provide a scientific reference to make targeted and effective measures in AIDS prevention.@*METHODS@#Using snow balling sampling combined with participants' referral, we conducted a questionnaire survey among 548 young MSM students (in whom there were both HIV-positive and HIV-negative) in Harbin, Tianjin, Xi'an, and Chongqing cities from April 2017 to March 2018. The chi-square test and binary Logistic regression were used to compare the differences in AIDS-related knowledge and behavior between males with and without HIV-infection.@*RESULTS@#A total of 583 questionnaires were obtained, of which 548 were valid, with an effective rate of 94.0%. Having a junior college education or below (P=0.002), a monthly consumption level of less than 2 000 RMB (P=0.021), and living off campus (P=0.004) were associated with being tested positive for HIV. In any period of schooling, receiving AIDS prevention education was a protective factor for HIV infection [Primary school OR=0.203 (0.073－0.561), junior high school OR=0.287 (0.142－0.581), senior high school OR=0.271 (0.142－0.518), and university OR=0.322 (0.168－0.616)]. There was no statistical difference between HIV positive and negative young MSM students in the cognition of "AIDS-related Knowledge for Public"(P=0.907) and "AIDS-related Knowledge for Youth"(P=0.782), with the awareness rate all about 90%. There was a statistical difference in the need for some specific knowledge (For "AIDS prevention and treatment policy", P=0.012, for "Ways to identify and prevent high-risk sexual behavior", P < 0.001). HIV-positive males had a younger age of first sexual activity (P=0.006), had more sexual partners in the early (P < 0.001) and had lower frequency of condom use (P < 0.001). However, there was no statistical difference in the later number of sexual partners (P=0.247) and the frequency of condom use (For regular sex partners, P=0.735, and for casual sex partners, P=0.765), which might be related to the change of sexual behavior characteristics caused by HIV infection (For regular sex partners, P < 0.001, and for casual sex partners, P=0.006).@*CONCLUSION@#There was no statistical difference between HIV positive and negative young MSM students in the cognition of "AIDS-related Knowledge for Public" and "AIDS-related Knowledge for Youth", which were both lower than 95% required by the state. However, the specificity in the knowledge needs was certainly shown. There was no significant difference in the recent sexual behavior between the two groups, but HIV positive students were more likely to have high-risk sexual behaviors in the early stage, so we should strengthen and move forward the sex education and AIDS prevention education with adjusted contents, and prevent high-risk sexual behaviors within young MSM students in the early stage.

Subjective Well-being and Family Functioning among Adolescents Left Behind by Migrating Parents in Jiangxi Province, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

We sought to identify the differences between adolescents left behind in their home villages/towns (LBA) and non-left behind adolescents (NLB) on subjective well-being and family functioning due to parental migration in south China. We used a stratified cluster sampling method to recruit middle school students in a city experiencing population-emigration in Jiangxi Province in 2010. Participants included adolescents from families with: (1) one migrant parent, (2) both parents who migrated, or (3) non-left behind adolescents (i.e., no migrant parent). To determine predictors of subjective well-being, we used structural equation models. Adolescents left behind by both parents (LBB) were less likely to express life satisfaction (P = 0.038) in terms of their environments (P = 0.011) compared with NLB. A parent or parents who migrated predicts lower subjective well-being of adolescents (P = 0.051) and also lower academic performance. Being apart from their parents may affect family functioning negatively from an adolescent's viewpoint. Given the hundreds of millions of persons in China, many who are parents, migrating for work, there may be mental health challenges in some of the adolescents left behind.

Association between speed and endurance performance with sleep duration in children and adolescents / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the association between sleep duration and athletic performance, and provide scientific basis to improve the 50 m and endurance performance in children and adolescents.@*METHODS@#All the 119 462 subjects aged 9-15 years in both genders were sampled from 2014 National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance by using stratified random cluster sampling method, to measure the height, weight, 50 meters and endurance performance and investigate sleep duration with questionnaire. Their body mass indexes (BMI) were calculated and the students' 50 m, endurance run scores and sleep durations were assessed. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the difference between the different sleep groups, and multifactor Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the sleep condition and athletic performance.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of insufficient sleep was 94.67% in the total subjects, the prevalence was higher among the girls (95.26%)than the boys (94.09%, χ2=80.99, P<0.001), and higher among the urban (95.41%) than the rural students(93.93%, χ2=128.48, P<0.001).The children with sufficient sleep had better performance in 50 m and endurance run scores( χ250 m=10.10, P50 m＜0.01; χ2endurance run=21.76, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis after controlling the gender, area, grade and BMI showed that children with adequate sleep showed better results(OR50 m=1.14, 95%CI50 m=1.05-1.23, P50 m<0.01; ORendurance run=1.21, 95%CIendurance run=1.11-1.31, Pendurance run<0.001). As for gender, the excellent rates of 50 m and endurance run scores in the boys with adequate sleep were higher (P<0.001), but there were no significant difference in 50 m and endurance run excellent rates in the girls of different sleep conditions. The excellent rates of 50 m and endurance run in the urban children and the endurance rate in the rural children and adolescents with adequate sleep were higher than those with insufficient sleep (P<0.01) while there were no significant difference in the 50 m excellent rates between the different sleep groups in rural areas. The 50 m and endurance run excellent rates of the children and adolescents with adequate sleep in each grade were higher than those of the children in the same grade with insufficient sleep (Pprimary students' endurance performance<0.001, and the rest P<0.05). Children and adolescents with normal BMI and overweight who slept well had better performance in 50 m (P<0.05). The endurance run excellent rate of children and adolescents with adequate sleep in each BMI group was higher than that in children and adolescents with insufficient sleep in the same BMI group (Pmalnutrition<0.01, Pnormal<0.01, Poverweight<0.05, Pobesity<0.05). The children and adolescents were divided into different groups according to the sleep duration,the one who slept less than 7 hours had lower 50 m excellent rate than the other groups with longer sleeping duration (P<0.01) and the rate in the ones who slept more than 9 hours was the highest (P<0.001).The endurance excellent rate in the children and adolescents who slept more than 9 hours was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.001).There was no significant dose-response relationship in excellent rates and sleep durations.@*CONCLUSION@#The prevalence of insufficient sleep has increased, and the sleep condition in children and adolescents is severe. Children and adolescents with sufficient sleep have better athletic performance, so we should strengthen the prevention and control of the lack of sleep in children and adolescents.

Major phenolic acids in Usneae Filum by UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS / 中草药

Objective: To establish a quick method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS) for the identification of phenolic acids (diffractaic acid, usnic acid, orsellinic acid, etc.) in Usneae Filum. Methods: The separation was performed on the chromatographic column of Phenomenex Luna 3u C18 (150 mm × 2.0 mm, 3 μm), and the mobile phase was methanol (0.05% formic acid)-0.05% formic acid solution (4 mmol ammonium acetate), with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The column temperature was 30℃, and negative ion mode was used for TOF-MS. Results: Seventeen compounds were identified or tentatively characterized based on the retention time and MS spectra. They are depsides, two benzo furan, ant multi substituted single benzene as well. And the preliminary fragmentation rules are summarized. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS method is novel, quick, and efficient for the identification of the compounds in Usneae Filum.

Available Evidence of Association between Zika Virus and Microcephaly / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clarify the possible association between the Zika virus (ZIKV) and microcephaly and understand where we are in terms of research and the debate on the causation between mild maternal clinical features and severe fetal microcephaly.</p><p><b>DATA SOURCES</b>We did a comprehensive literature review with the keywords "zika" and/or "microcephaly" from inception to May 27, 2016, with PubMed.</p><p><b>STUDY SELECTION</b>Studies were included and analyzed if they met all of the following criteria: "probable or confirmed infant microcephaly" and "probable or confirmed ZIKV infection among mothers or infants".</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We emphasize the diagnosis of ZIKV infection, including maternal clinical manifestations, maternal and fetal laboratory confirmation, and possible autopsy if need. Other confounders that may lead to microcephaly should be excluded from the study. We presented the results from clinical manifestations of ZIKV infection, testing methods evolving but the mechanism of microcephaly uncertain, flexible definition challenging the diagnosis of microcephaly, and limited causal reference on pregnant women. We made analog comparison of severe acute respiratory syndrome and chikungunya virus in terms of DNA mutation and global movement to provide further research recommendation. The chance of catch-up growth may decrease the number of pervious "diagnosed" microcephaly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are some evidence available through mice models and direct isolation of ZIKV in affected pregnancies on kindly causal relationship but not convincible enough. We analyzed and presented the weakness or limitation of published reports with the desire to shed light to further study directions.</p>

Simultaneous determination of 4 diterpenoids in Rabdosia japonica var.glaucocalyx by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and cluster analysis / 中国中药杂志

A quick HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of four major diterpenoids in Rabdosia japonica var.glaucocalyx, including glaucocalyxin A, oridonin, hebeirubesensin and enmenol. Analysis was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm ) column eluted in a gradient program with methanol and water. The flow rate was 0.8 mL•min⁻¹. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning mode was performed in negative ion switching mode to apply for the quantitative determination. The calibration curves for the above four compounds were linear in corresponding injection amount. The average recoveries of the compounds ranged from 92.40% to 105.9%, with RSDs of 1.7%-6.5%. The method is simple, rapid, accurate with good repeatability, which can provide a reference for overcalling evaluation the quality of R. japonica var.glaucocalyx. The result of cluster analysis- showed that the quality of R. japonica glaucocalyx var. greatly varied between areas and parts.

Simultaneous determination of 3 phenolic acids in Usnea by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

A quick HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of three chemical compositions in Usnea, including usnic acid, diffractaic acid, and ramalic acid. The separation was performed on a chromatographic column of Agilent ZORBAX SB-C, (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 µm), and the mobile phase was methanol (0.05% formic acid)-0.05% formic acid solution (4 mmol ammonium acetate), with an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.8 ml · min⁻¹. Multiple reaction monitoring scanning mode (MRM) was performed combined with the ion switching technology in positive and negative ion switching mode to apply for the quantitative determination. The calibration curves for the above three compounds were linear in corresponding injection amount. Their average recoveries were 95.0%-105.1%, with RSDs of 1.1%-5.2%. The method was simple, rapid, accurate with high repeatability, which could provide a reference for overcalling evaluation the quality of Usnea.

Vulnerability to HIV infection and related health risk behaviors of the out of school adolescents migrated with their parents to Beijing / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the vulnerability to HIV infection and related risk behaviors of the out-of-school adolescents who migrated with their parents from rural areas to cities.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From September to October 2005, 260 out-of-school adolescents aged 14-20 years were interviewed through a questionnaire.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Out-of-school adolescents lacked HIV/AIDS knowledge and related life skills, and their psychosocial competency was relatively low. The interviewed adolescents were open in their sexuality, showing a low rate of condom use. Their attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS prevention competency were positively correlated with family well-being, harmonious relations between their parents, a stable job, knowledge, life skill, and psychosocial competency for emotion control and empathy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Out-of-school adolescents are highly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection and transmission. Practical and feasible health and life skill education and psychosocial competency are the keys to effective HIV/AIDS prevention among out-of-school adolescent migrants.</p>